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Ulcerative colitis causes inflammation of the large intestine, also known as the colon. Doctors categorize ulcerative colitis as a type of inflammatory bowel disease. In ulcerative colitis, the lining of the large intestine becomes inflamed and develops open sores, known as ulcers. These ulcers produce mucus and pus, which causes abdominal pain and feeling like you need to empty your bowels frequently.
Ulcerative colitis symptoms can vary, depending on the severity of inflammation and where it occurs. Depending on which part of the colon is affected, symptoms may include:
Diarrhea, often with blood or puss
Abdominal pain and cramping
Rectal pain or bleeding during bowel movements
Unexplained weight loss
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown. Previously, diet and stress were suspected, but now gastroenterologists know these may aggravate, but don't cause colitis. When your body tries to fight off a virus or bacterium, an abnormal response causes the immune system to attack cells in the digestive tract. Some risk factors may include age (colitis often begins before age 30) and family history
Your gastroenterologists will make a diagnosis based on your medical history, a physical examination, and various tests. Following this, your provider will typically evaluate your colon, using a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but several factors may contribute to its development. While no specific risk factors guarantee someone will develop the condition, certain factors are associated with an increased risk of ulcerative colitis:
It's important to note that while these factors are associated with an increased risk, many people with ulcerative colitis do not have any identifiable risk factors. Additionally, the interplay between genetics, environment, and the immune system in the development of the disease is complex and not fully understood. If someone has concerns about their risk of ulcerative colitis, they should consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice based on their medical history and family background.
Chronic bleeding from ulcerative colitis can cause a shortage of red blood cells, a condition known as anemia. Because ulcerative colitis interferes with nutrient absorption, some people with the condition may experience weight loss or problems with their skin, eyes, joints, liver, or kidneys.
The treatment for ulcerative colitis focuses on reducing inflammation and managing symptoms. Medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs, immunosuppressants, and biologics are commonly used to control flare-ups and maintain remission. Dietary changes may also help manage symptoms. In some cases, surgery to remove the colon is considered if medications are ineffective. It’s important to follow your gastroenterologist’s recommendations to reduce flare-ups and improve your quality of life.
Both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease are types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but they affect the digestive tract differently. Ulcerative colitis causes continuous inflammation and ulcers in the lining of the colon and rectum, while Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the digestive tract, often in patchy areas.
About a million people in the US have ulcerative colitis.
Ulcerative colitis usually develops between the ages of 15 and 30, although it can appear at any age. Inflammation associated with ulcerative colitis can flare several times through life to cause recurring signs and symptoms.
While triggers vary from person to person, common ones include stress, certain foods (like high-fat or spicy meals), infections, and missing medications. Tracking your diet and symptoms can help identify what worsens your condition and help your provider create a personalized management plan.
Yes, diet plays an important role in managing symptoms. While no single diet works for everyone, many patients find relief by:
- Eating small, frequent meals
- Avoiding high-fat, spicy, or high-fiber foods during flares
- Staying hydrated
- Limiting dairy or caffeine if they worsen symptoms
- Your provider or a registered dietitian can help you create a personalized nutrition plan.
This depends on your condition’s severity and stability. During flare-ups, visits may be more frequent. Once your symptoms are under control, regular check-ins every 6–12 months help monitor your health and adjust treatment as needed.
Yes, long-term inflammation of the colon can increase the risk of colorectal cancer. That’s why patients with ulcerative colitis are usually advised to have more frequent colonoscopies, often starting 8–10 years after diagnosis, to monitor for precancerous changes.
